Retour au texte
du rapport
Bibliographie
- Bernstein, Jared, Let the war on the poverty line
commence, The Foundation for child development, working
paper series, juin 2001
- Boston Foundation The wisdom of our choices, Boston's
Indicators of Progress, Change and Sustainability 2000
- Clifford W. Cobb " Measurement tools of the quality
of life ", Redefining Progress, Juin 2000
- Cobb C.W. et Rixford C., " Lessons learned from the
history of social indicators ", Redifining Progress
1998
- Delors, J. Les indicateurs sociaux, Futuribles SEDEIS
1971
- Direction de la recherche, des études, de l'évaluation
et des statistiques, Annuaire des statistiques sanitaires
et sociales 1999
- Dunlop B. et Kroon H., Australian Bureau of Statistics,
"Integrating social and economic statistics",
The Sienna Group Seminar, Sydney, December 1998
- Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics,
Amercica's children : Key National Indicators of
Well-Being, 2000
- Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics,
America's Children Key National Indicators of well-being
2000
- Gadrey, J. Services, la productivité en question,
Desclée de Brouwer 1996
- Greffe, X. Economie des politique publique, Dalloz 1994
- INSEE Portrait social de la France, 2001
- INSEE résultats, Consommation mode de vie n° 105, 106
et 107, mars 2001, Indicateurs sociaux annuels (Sylvie
Dumartin et Catherine Taché : Modes de transport
utilisés par les ménages, Evaluations de la qualité de
l'environnement, des nuisances et de l'environnement,
Equipement des ménages en biens durables
électro-ménagers).
- INSEE, Données Sociales, La société française 1999
- Joëlle Affichard, " La pertinence des indicateurs
statistiques pour le pilotage des politiques sociales
", Institut International de Paris La Défense, 1995
- Méda, D. Qu'est ce que la richesse ? Aubier 1999
- Ministère chargé de la Santé, Annuaires des
statistiques sanitaires et sociales 1999, Paris : La
documentation française, 2000.
- Ministère chargé de la Santé, Données sur la
situation sanitaire et sociale en France en 1999, Paris :
La documentation française, 2000.
- Ministère chargé de la Santé, Mesurer les
inégalités. De la construction des indicateurs au
débat sur les interprétations, 2000.
- OCDE " Du bien-être des nations : le rôle du
capital humain et social ", 2001.
- Osberg L. et Sharpe A., " The index of well-being,
an overview ". Communication à la Conférence sur
les indicateurs de développement durable, Mars 2001,
Ottawa
- Osberg, L. International Comparisons of Trends in
Economic Well-being, Paper presented at the annual
meeting of the American Economic Association, January
7-9, 2000, Boston, Massachusetts
- Perret B., L'évaluation des politiques publiques, La
découverte 2001.
- Perret B., Les nouvelles frontières de l'argent, Seuil
1999
- Pieter Everaers, Eurostat, "framework for
harmonisation of key social indicators, core variables
and a framework for the joint use of administrative
sources, register and survey data", The Sienna Group
Seminar, Sydney, December 1998.
- Programme des nations unies pour le développement,
Making New Technologies work for Human Development, Human
Development Report 2001.
- Putnam H., Realism with a Human Face, Harvard 1997
- Putnam, Robert D. Bowling alone, the collapse and revival
of Amercican community, Touchstone, 2001
- Rawls J., Théorie de la Justice, Paris, Seuil, 1987.
- Sen A., Development as freedom, Anchor books, 2000.
- Sen A., L'économie est une science morale, La
découverte 1999.
- Sen A., " La possibilité du choix social -
Conférence Nobel ", Revue de l'OFCE n° 70, juillet
1999
- Spenlehauer, V. L'évaluation des politiques publiques,
avatar de la planification, Thèse d'Etat, Université de
Grenoble II Pierre Mendès-France, 1998.
- Statistiques publiques, évaluation et démocratie, actes
du colloque organisé le 21 mars 2001 à l'initiative des
syndicats CGT et CFDT de l'INSEE
- US Census Bureau, Experimental Poverty Measures 1999
- US Census Bureau, Money Income in the United States, 2000
- US Census Bureau, Population Profile of the United States
1999
- US Census Bureau, Poverty in the United States 2000
- Walzer, M., Sphères de justice, Le Seuil 1997
Annexe 1
Amartya Sen et l'IDH
L'IDH, qui est en quelque sorte devenu l'emblème du Rapport
mondial sur le développement humain, réussit assez bien à
suppléer au PNB pour mesurer le développement. Reposant sur
trois composantes distinctes -l'espérance de vie, le niveau
d'éducation et le revenu par habitant - il ne se concentre pas
exclusivement sur l'opulence économique (contrairement au PNB).
Dans les limites de ces trois composantes, l'IDH a permis
d'élargir considérablement l'attention empirique que reçoit
l'évaluation des processus de développement.
Cependant, l'IDH, qui est un indicateur sommaire, ne doit pas
être considéré comme autre chose qu'une incitation à
s'intéresser à la richesse des informations contenues dans le
Rapport mondial sur le développement humain. Je dois
reconnaître qu'au départ, je ne voyais pas grand intérêt dans
l'IDH en tant que tel. Il s'est trouvé que j'ai eu le privilège
de participer à sa conception. J'ai même fait part de mon grand
scepticisme à Mahbub ul Haq, père du Rapport mondial sur le
développement humain, concernant le fait de se concentrer sur un
indicateur sommaire de ce type, d'essayer de saisir dans un
chiffre unique la réalité complexe que représentent le
développement humain et la misère. Face à cet indicateur
sommaire qu'est l'IDH, le reste du Rapport mondial sur le
développement humain renferme un grand nombre de tableaux ainsi
qu'une profusion d'informations sur divers éléments sociaux,
économiques et politiques qui exercent une influence sur la
nature et la qualité de la vie. Il était donc logique de se
demander pourquoi attirer l'attention sur un indicateur
synthétique sommaire qui ne pouvait pas rendre compte de bon
nombre de riches informations qui rendent le Rapport mondial sur
le développement humain si intéressant et si important.
Cet aspect sommaire n'avait pas échappé à Mahbub. Il ne
pouvait nier que l'IDH ne constituait qu'un indicateur du
développement très limité. Mais après quelques hésitations
initiales, Mahbub s'est persuadé que la prédominance du PNB (un
indicateur trop utilisé et trop mis en avant, qu'il voulait
remplacer) ne serait pas remise en cause par une série de
tableaux. Selon lui, les lecteurs les considéreraient avec
respect, mais quand ils voudraient utiliser une mesure
synthétique du développement, ils retourneraient au PNB en
raison de sa simplicité et de sa commodité. En écoutant
Mahbub, je me suis souvenu des vers d'un poème de T.S. Eliot,
" Burnt Norton " : " Le genre humain/ ne peut pas
supporter trop de réalité ".
" Nous avons besoin d'une mesure, disait Mahbub, aussi
simple que le PNB - un seul chiffre - mais qui ne soit pas aussi
aveugle que lui face aux aspects sociaux de la vie humaine.
Mahbub espérait non seulement que l'IDH améliorerait, ou du
moins compléterait utilement le PNB, mais aussi qu'il
susciterait un intérêt pour les autres variables qui sont
amplement analysées dans le Rapport mondial sur le
développement humain.
Mahbub avait tout à fait raison en cela, je dois l'admettre,
et je me réjouis que nous n'ayons pas essayé de l'empêcher de
chercher une mesure sommaire. Par une utilisation judicieuse du
pouvoir d'attraction de l'IDH, Mahbub a réussi à attirer
l'attention des lecteurs sur le large éventail des tableaux
statistiques et d'analyses critiques détaillées qui sont
présentés dans le Rapport mondial sur le développement humain.
Cet indicateur simple était clair et a reçu une attention
soutenue. Il a permis à la réalité complexe contenue dans le
reste du rapport de trouver un lectorat intéressé.
Amartya Sen (contribution spéciale au Rapport mondiale sur le
développement humain 1999)
Annexe 2
Les indicateurs
utilisés dans l'Audit urbain de la Commission européenne
LIST OF URBAN AUDIT INDICATORS
Quality of life domains
Indicators
I. SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS
1.Population
- Total population with distribution by sex and age (13 age
groups)
- Total population change (by sex and age)
- Percentage of the Population aged below 16 and above the
national retirement age - Demographic Dependency Index
2.Nationality
- Nationals as a proportion of total population
- EU nationals as a proportion of total population
- Non-EU nationals as a proportion of total population
3.Household Structure
- Total Number of Households
- Average size of Households
- Percentage of households that are one-person households
- Percentage of households that are lone parent households
- Percentage of households that are lone pensioner
households
4. Labour Market and Unemployment
- Number of unemployed (ILO Labour Force Survey)
- Unemployment rate (by sex)
- Percentage of unemployed who are male/female
- Percentage of unemployed who have been unemployed
continuously for more than one year
- Percentage of unemployed who are under 25
- Employment/Population Ratios (Male-Female-Total)
- Activity Rate (Male-Female-Total)
5.Income, Disparities and Poverty
- Household income, median and average income for each
quintile
- Male/Female earnings, Full-time/Part-time earnings,
median and average earnings for each quintile
- Ratio of first to fifth quintile earnings
- Percentage of the households receiving less than half of
the national average household income
- Percentage of households without cars
- Number of households reliant upon social security -
national definition
6.Housing
- Number of homeless people
- Number of homeless people as a percentage of total
resident population
- Average house prices to average annual household income
ratio
- Average weekly social housing rents as a percentage of
average weekly household income
- Percentage of dwellings lacking basic amenities
- Useful living area per person (m2)
- Percentage of households buying or owning their own
dwellings
- Percentage of households that are social housing tenants
- Percentage of households that are private rented tenants
- Number of conventional dwellings
- Percentage of households living in houses
- Percentage of households living in apartments
- Percentage of households living in " other "
dwellings
7.Health
- Life expectancy at birth for males and females
- Infant mortality rate : 0-1 year per 1000 births
- Low birth weight : Number of children born weighing less
than 2.5 kg (or national definition of low birth weight)
per 1000 births
- Mortality rate for individuals under 65 from heart
diseases and respiratory illness.
8.Crime
- Total number of recorded crimes per 1000 population per
year
- Recorded crimes against people per 1000 population per
year
- Recorded crimes against commercial and residential
properties per 1000 population per year
- Recorded crimes against cars (including thefts of and
from vehicles) per 1000 population per year
9. Employment
- Employment by sector - male/female, part time/full time,
by sector (NACE Rev. 1)
- Percentage change in employment
10. Economic Activity
- GDP per capita at city level (if availabe) or at the
regional level
- Number of companies with headquarters in the city quoted
on the national stock market
- Net level of business registrations (new registrations
minus deregistrations per year)
- Proportion of net office space that is vacant
- Number of tourist overnight stays in registered
accommodation per year
- Number of air passengers
II. CIVIC INVOLVEMENT
11. Civic Involvement
- Percentage of registered electorate voting in European,
national and city elections. For each of the last three
European Parliament Elections; and for each of the last
three national elections; for each of the city elections
(nearest dates to the last three national elections).
- Percentage of the resident population of voting age
eligible to vote
- Percentage of the eligible electorate registered to vote
- Percentage of young (aged less than 25 years) eligible
electorate voting in city elections
- Percentage of elderly (above retirement age) eligible
electorate voting in city elections
- Percentage of elected city representatives who are women
- Annual expenditure of the Municipal Authority per
resident
- Annual expenditure of the municipal authority per
resident as a proportion of GDP per capita.
- Proportion of Municipal Authority income derived from:
local taxation; transfers from national government;
charges for services and " other ".
III. LEVELS OF TRAINING AND EDUCATION
12. Levels of Education and Training (Provision)
- Number of crèche places (public and private provision)
per 1000 population
- Percentage of students not completing their compulsory
education
- Percentage of students completing compulsory education
and achieving the national minimum standard
- Percentage of students completing compulsory education
but not achieving the national minimum standard
- Percentage of the age cohort (i.e. total number of
students registered for the last year of compulsory
education in the reference year) that continues education
and training after leaving compulsory education
- Number of places in universities and further education
establishments located within the above specifed boundary
per 1000 resident population
13. Level of Education and Training (Stock)
- Percentage of resident population -male/female who have
completed lower secondary education (ISCED level 2)
(International Standard Classification for Education)
- Percentage of the resident population - male/female - who
have completed upper secondary education (ISCED level 3)
- Percentage of the resident population - male/female - who
have completed tertiary education (first stage) not
leading to first university degree (ISCED level 5)
- Percentage of the resident population - male/female - who
have completed tertiary education(first stage) leading to
first university degree or equivalent (ISCED level 6)
- Percentage of the resident population - male/female - who
have completed tertiary education (second stage) leading
to a post-graduate university degree or equivalent (ISCED
level 7)
IV ENVIRONMENT
- 14. Air Quality and Noise
- Winter Smog: Number of days SO2 exceeds 125µg/m3 (24hr
averaging time)
- Summer Smog: Number of days Ozone O3 exceeds 120µg/m3
(8hr averaging time)
- Number of days per year that NO2 concentrations exceed
200mg/m3 (1hr averaging time)
- Proportion of the population exposed to outdoor noise
levels above 65 dB (24hr averaging time)
15.Water
Number of determinations (total number of annual tests on all
parameters on drinking water quality) which exceed the prescribed
values, as specified in the Directive 80/778/EEC - 'Directive
relating to the quality of water intended for human consumption'
- Consumption of water (cubic metres per annum) per
inhabitant
- Percentage of dwellings connected to potable drinking
water supply infrastructure
- Percentage of dwellings connected to sewerage treatment
systems
16.Waste Management
- Amount of solid waste collected within the boundary
(domestic and commercial) tonnes per capita per annum
- Proportion of solid waste (domestic and commercial)
arising within the boundary processed by landfill,
incinerator, recycled
17.Land Use
- Green space to which the public has access (sq metres per
capita)
- Percentage of the population within 15 minutes walking
distance of urban green areas
- Percentage of the urban area unused and in main land uses
- Percentage of the urban area subject to special physical
planning/conservation measures
- Population density - total resident population per square
km
18.Travel Patterns
- Mode of journey to work : rail/metro, bus, tram, car,
cycle, walking
- Characteristics of all travel by residents (purpose,
distance and mode of travel)
- Number of cars registered within the specified boundary
per 1000 population
- Road accidents resulting in death or serious injury per
1000 population
- Average number of occupants of motor cars
19.Energy Use
- Total energy use by fuel type (coal, petrol, electricity,
natural gas, fuel oil) and by sector (transport,
industry, domestic, commercial [service])
- Percentage of final energy consumption by different
sectors (transport, industry, domestic, commercial)
- Electricity consumption per capita (toe)
- Gas consumption per capita (toe)
- CO2 emissions per capita
20. Climate/ Geography
- Number of days of rain per month (averaged over a year)
- Average number of hours of sunshine per day (averaged
over a year)
V CULTURE AND RECREATION
21. Culture and Recreation
- Number of cinema showings and annual attendance per
resident
- Number of cinema seats
- Number of concerts and annual attendance per resident
- The number of theatres and annual attendance per resident
- Number of museums and annual visitors per resident
- The number of sports facilities and annual users per
resident
- The number of public libraries and total book loans per
resident
* average refers to arithmetic (the sum of indicator scores
divided by the number) median is the middle value of the
indicator scores.
Retour
au texte du rapport